Chemistry - Matter and Change

Chemistry - Matter and ChangeIn the mid 1990's, my doctoral dissertation examined the nature of change in a macroscopic or molecular scale and in the process developed a framework to define, explain and predict behavior of matter and its change. Since then, I have applied this concept to behavior of human beings. In both situations, change is seen as a consequence of a change of matter (or energy) at a lower level. At the microscopic level, a material structure is required to facilitate the flow of light, and in human behavior, the flow of change is required to complete a task.Let us first consider the molecular structure of a molecule. A molecule is defined as the smallest unit of matter that consists of a single atom. The average length of a molecule is zero. When a single electron is placed between the nucleus and a hydrogen atom, a single hydrogen atom is bonded to the electron in an orderly manner, with no chance for the two atoms to move apart.The molecules of a plant or animal are the smallest ever created. They are far too small to be viewed by the naked eye. A molecule is not a single atom, it is a sequence of bonds that joins the nucleus of an atom to the electrons in an adjacent atom, in a directed manner. Molecules do not have mass. In fact, it is believed that molecules with atomic weight higher than helium can be created.Molecules cannot exist without an outside source of energy. These sources are biological, and they include food and oxygen. The changes in the size of molecules also occur in response to external changes such as warming of the surface, or electrical heating. It has been shown experimentally that chemical reactions of molecules are influenced by temperature, by the number of adjacent atoms in a molecule, and by the surrounding environment.As a rule, a change in a molecule, orin a chain of molecules, is a change at the microscopic level. At the macroscopic level, the matter must be stabilized to permit movement. The most common stab ilization mechanism in nature is gravity. Without the stability of gravity, life would be impossible on earth.The direction of the current in a wire is the result of an action of a first conductor on a second conductor. There are many situations that call for action at the molecular level. For example, sound waves change the state of matter by altering the state of matter. The change in the state of matter may be to the molecular level. A change in the molecular level can cause a change in the arrangement of atoms. In this case, the arrangement of atoms changes, and therefore the movement of atoms have to change.The act of sound waves is the result of a series of motions of atoms along the surface of the conductor, when the velocity of the currents increase. In order to create the state of matter needed for sound, these conductors have to be filled with molecules. In this case, a series of atoms has to be manipulated in a manner that leads to the creation of the atoms needed for sou nd. The movement of atoms from a place called ground state to a state of excited state is what results in sound.A well known effect of the molecular level is the creation of life. Water is a molecular simple substance. To form life on earth, water must be transformed from a very simple liquid into a highly complex compound that contains oxygen and large amounts of other compounds. In a similar way, a particle of matter can be transformed from a highly complex compound to a highly simple state of matter.